Which tests are included in the diabetic retinopathy evaluation?

• A. Fundus photography, Macular OCT, IVFA, Gonioscopy, A1C, and blood pressure
• B. Visual field, OCT, and slit-lamp exam
• C. Ultrasound of the eye and blood sugar test
• D. Color vision and refractive error measurements

Answer: (A)

In diabetic retinopathy evaluation, you aim to document retinal changes while also assessing systemic factors that influence progression and treatment response. Fundus photography captures a baseline, wide view of the retina to document microaneurysms, hemorrhages, exudates, and the overall stage of retinopathy, making it easy to monitor changes over time. Macular OCT provides a precise measure of retinal thickness and detects macular edema, which is a common and vision‑threatening complication of diabetic retinopathy. Fluorescein angiography assesses the retinal vasculature for leakage, nonperfusion, and neovascularization, offering detailed information that helps guide treatment decisions such as laser therapy or intravitreal injections. Gonioscopy, while not specific to retinopathy, is part of a thorough dilated eye exam to evaluate the anterior chamber angle and identify any coexisting glaucoma or anterior segment issues that could impact management. On the systemic side, checking A1C gives insight into long‑term glycemic control, and measuring blood pressure flags risk factors that strongly influence retinopathy progression and outcomes; managing these systemic factors is essential to preserving vision.